印度网友问：印度科技和制造业什么时候以何种方式可以超过中国？

在海外问答网站Quora上，一名来自印度的网友问道：印度的科技和制造业什么时候以何种方式可以超过中国，这个问题引起各国网友的热烈讨论，一名印度专家撰文引用各项数据说明了两国的差距，称印度在科技和制造业领域实现跨越性进步可能性不大。

问题：什么时候以何种方式印度科技和制造业可以超过中国？

Your idea is a little out of control. Let me show you two Chinese made heavy weapons to broaden your horizons.

你的这种想法未免有些不知天高地厚了，下面给你看两件中国国产重器，给你开拓一下眼界。

This is the first high-speed railway slj900 / 32 "all-round" new type mobile bridge erecting machine without lower guide beam developed by Hanjiang heavy industry technology company, the sixth company of China Railway Construction 11th bureau group.

下图是中国铁建十一局集团六公司汉江重工科技公司自行研制的，中国首台完全自主知识产权的高速铁路SLJ900/32“全能型”新型无下导梁流动式架桥机。

架桥机

This mechanical monster weighs about 580 tons, is 91 meters long and 7 meters wide. The machine is transported by a group of 64 wheels. Each wheel is divided into four parts. Each part is composed of 16 wheels. It integrates lifting beam, transporting beam and erecting beam, which also explains the origin of the title of China's infrastructure crazy devil.

这只机械怪兽重约580吨，长91米，宽7米。机器通过一组64个轮子进行运输，每个轮子分为四个部分，每个部分由16个轮子组成，它集提梁、运梁、架梁于一体，这也解释了中国“基建狂魔”称号的由来。

Do you know how difficult it is to build a tunnel? For a long time, only Germany and Japan have been able to manufacture machines that can complete this work, and China has to continue to rely on the technical teams of other countries to dig tunnels until foreign countries rely on technical barriers to start prices. China has decided to develop its own shield machine.

你知道修建隧道有多难吗？长期以来，只有德国和日本能够制造出能够完成这项工作的机器，而中国不得不继续依赖其他国家的技术团队来挖掘隧道，直到外国依靠技术壁垒坐地起价，中国决定研发自己的盾构机。

盾构机

Shield machine is a high-end equipment, known as "land aircraft carrier". For a long time, the core parts of shield machine made in China have been dependent on imports. North China heavy industry united with the top research institutes in China to carry out a successful technical breakthrough, overcome the technical problems of key components of shield machine, achieve another breakthrough in China's high-end equipment, and realize the 100% localization of shield machine manufacturing for the first time.

盾构机是高端设备，号称“陆地航母”，长期以来中国制造的盾构机，核心零部件一直依赖进口。中国北方重工联合国内顶级研究所进行了一次成功的技术攻关，攻克了盾构机关键部件技术难题，实现了中国高端装备的又一个突破，也第一次实现了盾构机制造的100%国产化。

Do we have these big killers in India? With all due respect, we can't even build a public toilet. Don't talk about these guys. In fact, India does not even have the opportunity to compete with China in manufacturing, R & D and technology. It is absurd to compare the two countries. The sad current situation of India's manufacturing industry can be mentioned more than 70 years before independence. The lack of awareness of independence has kept the country under others' control. India can't even make simple products like earphones. Yes, even these small earphones may be made in China, even though they may have labels made in India to deceive Indians.

我们印度有这些大杀器吗？恕我直言，我们连公厕都建不好，不要说这些家伙了。实际上，在制造业、研发和技术方面，印度甚至没有机会与中国竞争，将两国进行比较是荒谬的。印度制造业的可悲现状可以从独立七十多年前说起，缺乏独立自主的意识让这个国家一直受制于人。印度甚至不能制造像耳机这样简单的产品，是的，就是你现在用的耳机也可能是在中国制造的，尽管它们可能带有印度制造的标签，以欺骗印度人。

It is very unfair for China to compare the two countries. Most Chinese people don't want their country to be compared with India. They think it is disgraceful. Just as others compare us with Pakistan, they prefer to compare their country with the United States, Japan and other countries.

比较这两个国家对中国来说是非常不公平的。大多数中国人不希望他们的国家被拿来与印度相比，他们认为这有失尊严，就像别人把我们和巴基斯坦相比一样，他们喜欢更将自己的国家与美国、日本等国家进行比较。

The existing technological capacity of a country can be measured by the number of high-tech companies in the country. According to the Fortune Global 500, China occupies 129 of the world's top 500 enterprises, ranking first in the world, while India has only 7, less than Taiwan Island. Among the 20 largest technology companies, 9 are Chinese companies and the rest are American companies. There are no Indian companies on the list.

一个国家现有的技术能力可以通过该国高科技公司的数量来衡量。根据《财富》全球500强，中国在世界500强企业中占据129家，排名世界第一，而印度只有7家，比台湾岛还少。在20家最大的科技公司中，有9家是中国公司，其余都是美国公司。名单上没有印度公司。

The scientific and technological innovation ability of a country can be measured from three aspects: patent, nature index and R & D investment. In 2019, China's R & D investment was US $297.1 billion, ranking second in the world, more than the total of Europe, while India's R & D investment was US $16.8 billion, ranking 18th in the world, accounting for only 5.6% of China. In terms of the number of patent applications, China ranks first in the world, and the number of patent applications in India is less than 3% of that in China. In the nature index of high-quality scientific journals, China ranks second only to the United States, while India is not even on the list.

衡量一个国家的科技创新能力也可以从专利、高质量科学期刊指数（nature index）和研发投资三个方面来衡量。2019年，中国的研发投资为2971亿美元，居世界第二位，超过整个欧洲的总和，而印度的研发投资为168亿美元，居世界第18位，仅占中国的5.6%。就专利申请数量而言，中国排名世界第一，印度的专利申请数量也不到中国的3%。在高质量科学期刊索引（nature index）中，中国排名第二，仅次于美国，而印度甚至不在名单上。

It can be seen from the above data that India is not close to China in technology. China's technical strength is not only significantly ahead of India, but also ahead of Japan, Germany, France and Britain, only behind the United States.

从以上数据可以看出，印度在技术上与中国并不接近，中国的技术实力不仅显著领先于印度，而且领先于日本、德国、法国、英国，仅落后于美国。

Considering that India's current technology lags far behind China, and China's annual R & D investment is more than 17 times that of India, the technology gap between China and India will not narrow, but will expand in the future. If India wants to catch up with China in technology, India's annual R & D expenses must be at least 20 times higher than now. The Indian government should know that there is no shortcut to success. No matter how many high-tech weapons and products you buy from other countries, technology itself does not belong to you. To succeed, you need to invest money and time in technology.

考虑到印度目前的技术远远落后于中国，而中国每年的研发投资是印度的17倍以上，未来中印之间的技术差距不会缩小，而是会扩大。如果印度想在技术上赶上中国，印度每年的研发费用必须比现在高出至少20倍。印度政府应该知道，成功没有捷径，不管你从其他国家购买多少高科技武器和产品，技术本身并不属于你。要想取得成功，你需要在技术上投入资金和时间。

高科技产品出口额排名

Another important indicator to measure the development level of a country's science and technology industry is the ranking of high-tech exports.

另一个衡量一个国家科技产业发展水平的重要指标就是高科技产品出口额排名。中国在这张榜单上独占鳌头，2018年收入近7140亿美元，2019年收入7770亿美元，榜单里印度排不上号，2018年排名第17位，分别为235.3亿美元和2019年232亿美元。

The 2012 list shows that China's high-tech exports accounted for only 19% in that year, but by 2020, they have increased to 42%. 3 this does not include China's Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan. By 2025, it is expected that more than 60% of total exports will come from Chinese enterprises.

2012年榜单显示，该年度中国高科技出口额仅占19%，而到2020年，已经增长到了42%，而这还不包括中国的港澳台地区。到2025年，预计超过60%的出口总量将来自中国企业。

India has almost no foundation for technological development. From 1996 to 2020, because we decided to develop the service industry with less efforts and faster profits, now we have become a country with many dazzling barber shops and nightclubs.

而印度几乎没有任何技术发展的基础，从1996年到2020年，由于我们以更少的努力和更快的利润决定发展服务产业，现在我们已经成为了一个拥有众多光彩夺目的理发店和夜总会的国家。

With the rapid development of science and technology in China, they are almost ready to break through the technical blockade in the field of Samsung and TSMC chips, and the R & D and manufacturing of 28nm and 14nm process chips have made rapid progress; The source of core materials for their satellite manufacturing is no longer NASA. They defeated Xigu company in high-speed rail R & D, and won the battle with Mitsubishi in Japan in terms of design and patent of zonzai engine. The Chinese always want to be better.

中国的科技日新月异，他们几乎快要突破三星和台积电芯片领域的技术封锁，28nm和14nm制程芯片的研发制造进步神速；他们制造卫星的核心材料来源不再非NASA不可，他们在高铁研发方面击败了西谷公司，他们对ZonZEI发动机的设计和专利方面在与日本三菱的对战中胜出。中国人总是想要更好。

And what is India doing? Restrictions on Chinese products through high tariffs, banning Chinese applications such as tiktok and wechat, and reducing the market share of Chinese products, but we have never thought about how we can strive to do better. Government officials are always willing to lie and publicize mediocre political achievements through celebrity advertising and spending a lot of money on meaningless media articles and publicity. A congressman even said "don't spend money on research, don't spend money on high-quality scholarships, don't spend money on retaining talents, don't spend money on health and education, and spend money on buying missiles and weapons".

而印度在做什么？通过高关税限制中国产品，禁止TIKTOK、微信等中文应用、降低中国产品的市场份额，如此种种，但我们从来没有思考过怎样可以努力做得更好，政府官员总是乐于通过名人广告和在无意义的媒体文章和宣传上花费巨资来撒谎和宣传平庸的政绩。一位国会议员竟然说出“不要把钱花在研究上、不要把钱花在高质量奖学金上、不要把钱花在留住人才上、不要把钱花在卫生和教育事业上，把钱用在购买导弹和武器上面”这样的话来。

If we continue like this, Indians will always be losers. Unless we fight, we will be far away from China and will never enter the vision of the Chinese people.

如果我们再继续这样下去，印度人将永远是输家，除非打嘴仗，否则我们将被中国远远甩开，永远不会进入到中国人的视野中去。