用心观察,走进童心世界，《观察儿童》

任何科学的观察者都必须有特殊的准备。例如，透过显微镜看的人看不到那里有什么，除非他们的眼睛准备好了。仅有文书工作和知道如何填写是不够的。认真的准备是必要的。亨利法布尔非常详细地描述了他对昆虫的观察，他描述了他为这些观察所做的漫长而耐心的准备。他在昆虫醒来之前就醒了，没有抽他的烟斗，以确保烟雾的气味不会影响昆虫。对他研究的昆虫非常了解，并做了相应的准备。

任何一门科学的观察者都必须要进行专业的准备。例如，除非你知道观察目标，否则用显微镜都不知道要观察什么。观察的文案记录工作只知道如何填写表格是不够的，需要大量的前期准备。亨利法布尔（亨利法布雷)很好地描述了他对昆虫的观察，为观察这些昆虫他做了漫长而耐心的准备。他在昆虫醒来之前醒来，以确保他身上抽烟的味道能够消散而不会影响昆虫。这就是他为了解他正在研究的昆虫而做好的准备。

所以我们也要做好观察孩子的准备。也许对孩子缺乏观察是因为对这种观察缺乏准备。所以在你开始观察之前，我想给你一些原则和基本要点。这些点与你必须观察的东西无关，而是与你这个观察者有关。

因此，我们也应该准备好观察孩子，也许对儿童的观察不到位正是由于缺乏这种观察的准备。所以开始观察之前，我想给大家一些原则和基本要点。这些要点与你观察的内容无关，而与你作为一个观察者有关。

显然，观察孩子的人一定不能打扰他们；因为观察的目的是看孩子们在做什么，与我们的存在无关。观察者应该保持绝对的沉默和不动。你会认为这非常容易实现，每个人都知道如何去做。但是，事实并非如此。很多时候，你会想表达你的钦佩或你的烦恼，或者你可能想和别人分享你的想法。因此，我们发现自己面临着通过不活动保持隐形的挑战，这需要极大的意志力。

众所周知，观察孩子的人一定不能打扰孩子。因为观察不能主观臆断，要客观的观察孩子们在做什么。观察者应保持绝对的沉默和安静，你可能会认为这非常容易实现，而且每个人都知道该怎么做，但事实并非如此。很多时候，你会很想表达自己的赞赏或厌烦，或者还可能非常想与他人分享你的想法。因此，让自己变成一个透明人，不被孩子关注、不主观判断，这需要强大的意志力。

When you observe your child, try to imagine that you are in the position of the teacher instructing the class and try to reflect on yourself. Imagine how many times under certain conditions you will be tempted to help your student, or to give a warning in order to prevent something happening that you think will bebad. You often think, "Oh, the teacher didn't notice", and if you're free you might think it would be helpful to step in and help. Also, try to notice how many times you have the impulse to tell someone to pay attention to things that seem interesting to you.

当你观察孩子时，试着想象一下自己正处于班级主讲老师的位置，并尝试反省自己。想象一下，在某些情况下，有多少次你会试图帮助你的学生，或发出告诫、以防止发生你认为不好的事情。你在观察中经常会反思：“哦，老师没注意到这种干扰孩子的行为”，但如果你是老师，你可能也会认为介入和干预将帮助孩子。另外，请试着留意你有多少次冲动想要告诉其他老师去注意你可能感兴趣的事情。

We are so accustomed to giving in on our impulses that we are convinced that our actions are always useful to others, so we can be sure that we can do well for others, so we can perfect those that are not perfect. For most people these impulses are considered good impulses, they come from a good place, and we have never had to control them before. There is no doubt that from a certain point of view, these feelings are good because they show a desire to help others; There are some feelings about children that come from our own view of development and what they are capable of. When we see our children have to work hard to accomplish something that is easy for us to do we have the impulse to do it instead of allowing the children to do it, because we know we can do it faster and more efficiently.

我们习惯屈服于自己的冲动，以至于我们坚信自己的行为对他人总是有帮助的。所以我们十分确定自己可以为他人做得很好，进而完善那些不完美的事物。对于大多数人来说，这些冲动被认为是善意的冲动，它们来自于我们的善良和热情，我们从没试图去控制它们。毫无疑问，从这个角度看，这种冲动行为是友好的，表现出了帮助他人的愿望。我们抱持着自己的观点，从我们成人的角度评估孩子的能力，当我们看到孩子们必须十分努力去完成一件我们认为很容易做的事情时，我们就会产生帮助孩的冲动，而不是让孩子自己去做，因为我们自认为可以更快，更有效地去完成任务。

If we want to observe children, we must observe. If we see that he is putting in great effort and difficulty, if we see that it takes him a long time to do what we can easily do, then we observe - that's observation. If there is a difficulty, which is obvious to us, but the child can't see, we just leave him, that's what we're observing. We need to trust that almost all of these impulses to act are unnecessary. We will learn that, through hard work, the child, will take a long time to do things that he finds difficult, but will succeeds. If we had acted, wewould not have seen it, and it is clear that children will lack the opportunity to use their power to do so.

如果要观察儿童，就必须去“观察”。如果我们看到孩子正在付出很大的努力去克服困难，如果我们发现孩子花了很长时间去做成人可以轻松完成的事情，我们就要观察—这就是观察。如果孩子遇到困难，而这个问题对我们而言显而易见，但孩子看不见，我们应选择在此时远离，因为这就是我们正在观察的问题，观察孩子如何去克服困难、解决问题。我们需要相信，几乎所有在此时采取行动的冲动都是不必要的。我们会了解到，通过努力工作，孩子们会需要很长的时间去完成他认为困难但会成功的事情。如果我们帮助了孩子，就不会看到孩子努力的过程，孩子也将失去利用自己的力量获得成功的机会。

This is hard to accomplish at first, to beinactive when you can solve a problem so easily for a child. But it is an important battle for you towin. Children have much greater power than we think. And each time we choose to keep observing instead of helping it will become easier. When we help the child to do something, we are becoming an obstacle to the child’s independence, to their developing ability to think for themselves.

起初老师们很难做到这一点，当你能轻而易举地帮助孩子解决问题时，你却“视而不见”，但对你来说赢得这场和自己的战斗至关重要。儿童的力量比我们想象的要强大得多，每次我们选择继续观察而不是帮助时，观察就会变得更容易。当我们选择帮助孩子做某事时，我们就会成为孩子发展独立性和思考能力的障碍。

There is another observational principle that we can call physiology; when you look at a child, you can't stop being aware of other children. We know that the vision is accurate and direct, pointing directly at a point you are looking at; When a person looks at a person in a group, you must not let the wholeawareness be absorbed by the person being observed, but still stay aware of the rest.

还有一个观察原则，我们可以称之为生理学原则。当你看着一个孩子时，你不能忽略他孩子。我们知道，视觉是准确和直接的，直接指向你正在看的一个点。当一个人看一个群体中的某个人时，你不可能只全神贯注于被观察的人，而应仍然保持对其他人的觉知。

At the same time, all things that come into our vision must consciously follow an act of will. You can imagine a teacher that must run from one child to another, observing first one child,and then the next child. Instead, we must be a calm,serene but strong person; who knows how to dominate by her observations everything that happens. This is observation. She must know how to see, how to master her impulsesand wait. She must be a person having a high level of virtue.

同时，所有进入我们视野的事物都必须有意识地遵循一种意志行为。你可以想象如果一个老师的注意力必须从一个孩子跑到另一个孩子身上，先观察一个孩子，然后观察另外一个，这种景象有多忙乱。相反，老师必须是一个冷静、平静、坚强的人，知道如何掌控她视线范围内发生的一切，这是观察。她必须知道如何去看，如何控制自己的冲动，学会等待，她应该是一个品德高尚的人。

All great observers are basically people with great patience. Here, as in all other cases that need to be observed, if this situation does not exist very strongly,if we are not prepared, the phenomenon we are waiting for will not occur. If we are prepared at an early age for the development of this characteristic, we should naturally have the patience and control of ourselves; We should not endure observations that are so obvious, or boring today. As you know, boredom is a form of fatigue; people who observe patiently without being bored have acquired the inner strength gained through exercise. Therefore, the first exercise will be toattend a class of children, silent and motionless; try not to let themselves be taken away by the behavior of one child, but try to see the whole class.

所有伟大的观察者基本上都是充满耐心的人。正如在所有其他需要观察的情况中一样，如果正确的观察方式不存在或不是非常强烈的存在，如果我们没有准备，我们等待的现象就不会发生。如果我们很早就为这种观察能力的发展做好准备，我们自然会有耐心和自制力。我们通常都不希望进行无聊的观察，无聊是一种厌倦，而那些耐心观察而不感到无聊的人已经通过练习获得了内在的力量。因此，第一个练习是进入到班级中，保持安静、平和，尽量不要让自己的注意力被一个孩子的行为吸引，而应尽量看到整个班级的所有孩子。

Of course, in order to observe, we must have something to observe, and we must know what its value as an observer is.You must also recognize that something obviously interesting doesn't require a lot of preparation to observe it. However, we must be prepared to observe phenomena that are clearly not of interest. Otherwise, what will happen to those waiting observers, let's say, an egg is hatching? Or who is waiting for a physiological phenomenon and doesn't know when it happens? We are entering a noble field, because we aretaking the first step along the path to science, which is the beginning of making us scientists.

当然，为了观察，我们必须有可观察的事物，我们必须知道这事物对观察者的价值是什么。你还需要明白，很有趣的事情不需要太多准备就可以观察到。我们必须准备好去观察不那么有趣的事情。否则，那些等待中的观察者（比如观察正在孵化的一个鸡蛋）又怎么知道会发生什么？我们正在进入一个崇高的领域，这是我们迈向科学之路的第一步，这是我们成为科学家的开始。

改编：Karen Chanpeng

翻译：Wendy